G&p Metal Pdw Stock for G&p /wa M4 Series Airsoft
G&p Metal Pdw Stock for G&p /wa M4 Series Airsoft
| K | |
|---|---|
| One thousand g | |
| (Meet below, Typographic) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing organization | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0047, U+0067, U+0261 |
| Alphabetical position | 7 |
| History | |
| Evolution |
|
| Time period | ~-300 to nowadays |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Transliteration equivalents | C |
| Variations | (See below, Typographic) |
| Other | |
| Other messages usually used with | gh, g(x) |
(speculated origin)
G, or k, is the seventh letter of the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is gee (pronounced ), plural gees.[1]
History
The alphabetic character 'One thousand' was introduced in the Quondam Latin menses equally a variant of 'C' to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/.
The recorded originator of 'Thousand' is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, who added letter Thou to the teaching of the Roman alphabet during the 3rd century BC:[2] he was the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, around 230 BCE. At this fourth dimension, 'Chiliad' had fallen out of favor, and 'C', which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come up to limited /k/ in all environments.
Ruga'south positioning of '1000' shows that alphabetic gild related to the letters' values as Greek numerals was a business concern even in the 3rd century BC. According to some records, the original 7th alphabetic character, 'Z', had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC past the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found information technology distasteful and foreign.[three] Sampson (1985) suggests that: "Evidently the guild of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter of the alphabet could be added in the center but if a 'space' was created by the dropping of an onetime alphabetic character."[iv]
George Hempl proposed in 1899 that there never was such a "space" in the alphabet and that in fact 'G' was a straight descendant of zeta. Zeta took shapes like ⊏ in some of the Old Italic scripts; the development of the awe-inspiring form 'G' from this shape would be exactly parallel to the evolution of 'C' from gamma. He suggests that the pronunciation /k/ > /ɡ/ was due to contamination from the also similar-looking 'K'.[v]
Eventually, both velar consonants /grand/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels; consequently in today'due south Romance languages, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ take different sound values depending on context (known as hard and soft C and hard and soft One thousand). Because of French influence, English language orthography shares this feature.
Typographic variants
The modern lowercase '1000' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) 'g' and the double-storey (sometimes looptail) 'g'. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (upper-case letter) form by raising the serif that distinguishes information technology from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop and extending the vertical stroke downwards and to the left. The double-storey class (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms so extended the tail back to the correct, and to the left once more, forming a airtight bowl or loop. The initial extension to the left was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-storey version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a folio. In the double-storey version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear".
Generally, the two forms are complementary, merely occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, opentail ⟨ɡ⟩ has e'er represented a voiced velar plosive, while ⟨
⟩ was distinguished from ⟨ɡ⟩ and represented a voiced velar fricative from 1895 to 1900.[6] [vii] In 1948, the Council of the International Phonetic Association recognized ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨⟩ equally typographic equivalents,[eight] and this conclusion was reaffirmed in 1993.[9] While the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Clan recommended the apply of ⟨⟩ for a velar plosive and ⟨ɡ⟩ for an advanced ane for languages where it is preferable to distinguish the ii, such every bit Russian,[10] this practice never caught on.[11] The 1999 Handbook of the International Phonetic Clan, the successor to the Principles, abased the recommendation and acknowledged both shapes as acceptable variants.[12]
Wong et al. (2018) found that native English speakers have little conscious sensation of the looptail 'g' ().[xiii] [14] They write: "Despite being questioned repeatedly, and despite being informed directly that 1000 has two lowercase print forms, about half of the participants failed to reveal any cognition of the looptail 'thousand', and only 1 of the 38 participants was able to write looptail 'thou' correctly."
Pronunciation and use
| Language | Dialect(s) | Pronunciation (IPA) | Environment | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | /ten/ | |||
| Arabic | /ɡ/ | Latinization; corresponding to ⟨ق⟩ or ⟨ج⟩ in Standard arabic | ||
| Catalan | /(d)ʒ/ | Earlier e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Normally | |||
| Danish | /ɡ/ | Word-initially | ||
| /k/ | Normally | |||
| Dutch | Standard | /ɣ/ | ||
| Southern dialects | /ɣ̟/ | |||
| Northern dialects | /χ/ | |||
| English language | /dʒ/ | Before e, i, y (see exceptions beneath) | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| /ʒ/ | Before e, i in "modernistic" loanwords from French | |||
| silent | Some words, initial <gn>, and give-and-take-finally before a consonant | |||
| Faeroese | /j/ | soft, lenited; see Faroese phonology | ||
| /k/ | difficult | |||
| /tʃ/ | soft | |||
| /v/ | after a, æ, á, east, o, ø and earlier u | |||
| /west/ | later on ó, u, ú and before a, i, or u | |||
| silent | after a, æ, á, e, o, ø and earlier a | |||
| French | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before east, i, y | |||
| Galician | /ɡ/~/ħ/ | Usually | See Gheada for consonant variation | |
| /ʃ/ | Before e, i | now rarely spelled as such | ||
| Greek | /ɡ/ | Usually | Latinization | |
| /ɟ/ | Before ai, e, i, oi, y | Latinization | ||
| Icelandic | /c/ | soft | ||
| /1000/ | difficult | |||
| /ɣ/ | hard, lenited; come across Icelandic phonology | |||
| /j/ | soft, lenited | |||
| Irish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Later on i or before e, i | |||
| Italian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /dʒ/ | Earlier e, i | |||
| Mandarin | Standard | /k/ | Pinyin latinization | |
| Norman | /dʒ/ | Before eastward, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Commonly | |||
| Norwegian | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Before ei, i, j, øy, y | |||
| Portuguese | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ʒ/ | Before eastward, i, y | |||
| Romanian | /dʒ/ | Before east, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Romansh | /dʑ/ | Earlier e, i | ||
| /ɡ/ | Usually | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | /k/ | Usually | ||
| /kʲ/ | Afterwards i or before east, i | |||
| Spanish | /ɡ/ | Ordinarily | ||
| /10/ or /h/ | Before east, i, y | Variation between velar and glottal realizations depends on dialect | ||
| Swedish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /j/ | Earlier ä, e, i, ö, y | |||
| Turkish | /ɡ/ | Usually | ||
| /ɟ/ | Before due east, i, ö, ü | |||
English
In English language, the letter appears either alone or in some digraphs. Alone, it represents
- a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/ or "hard" ⟨g⟩), every bit in goose, gargoyle, and game;
- a voiced palato-alveolar affricate (/d͡ʒ/ or "soft" ⟨one thousand⟩), predominates earlier ⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩, as in behemothic, ginger, and geology; or
- a voiced palato-alveolar sibilant (/ʒ/) in post-medieval loanwords from French, such every bit rouge, beige, genre (oft), and margarine (rarely)
⟨grand⟩ is predominantly soft before ⟨e⟩ (including the digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩), ⟨i⟩, or ⟨y⟩, and hard otherwise. Information technology is hard in those derivations from γυνή (gynḗ) meaning woman where initial-worded as such. Soft ⟨g⟩ is also used in many words that came into English from medieval church building/bookish utilise, French, Castilian, Italian or Portuguese – these tend to, in other ways in English language, closely align to their Ancient Latin and Greek roots (such as frail, logic or magic). In that location remain widely used a few English words of non-Romance origin where ⟨g⟩ is hard followed by ⟨eastward⟩ or ⟨i⟩ (get, give, souvenir), and very few in which ⟨g⟩ is soft though followed by ⟨a⟩ such as gaol, which since the 20th century is almost always written equally "jail".
The double consonant ⟨gg⟩ has the value /ɡ/ (hard ⟨g⟩) every bit in nugget, with very few exceptions: /d͡ʒ/ in exaggerate and veggies and dialectally /ɡd͡ʒ/ in suggest.
The digraph ⟨dg⟩ has the value /d͡ʒ/ (soft ⟨g⟩), as in badger. Non-digraph ⟨dg⟩ can as well occur, in compounds like floodgate and headgear.
The digraph ⟨ng⟩ may represent:
- a velar nasal () as in length, singer
- the latter followed by hard ⟨g⟩ (/ŋɡ/) as in jungle, finger, longest
Non-digraph ⟨ng⟩ as well occurs, with possible values
- /nɡ/ as in engulf, ungainly
- /nd͡ʒ/ as in sponge, angel
- /nʒ/ as in melange
The digraph ⟨gh⟩ (in many cases a replacement for the obsolete letter yogh, which took diverse values including /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /x/ and /j/) may represent:
- /ɡ/ as in ghost, aghast, burgher, spaghetti
- /f/ equally in cough, laugh, roughage
- Ø (no audio) every bit in through, neighbor, dark
- /x/ in ugh
- (rarely) /p/ in hiccough
- (rarely) /grand/ in s'ghetti
Non-digraph ⟨gh⟩ too occurs, in compounds like foghorn, pigheaded
The digraph ⟨gn⟩ may correspond:
- /due north/ as in gnostic, deign, foreigner, signage
- /nj/ in loanwords similar champignon, lasagna
Non-digraph ⟨gn⟩ also occurs, as in signature, agnostic
The trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ has the value /ŋ/ equally in gingham or dinghy. Non-trigraph ⟨ngh⟩ also occurs, in compounds like stronghold and dunghill.
G is the tenth to the lowest degree frequently used alphabetic character in the English language (after Y, P, B, 5, K, J, X, Q, and Z), with a frequency of about 2.02% in words.
Other languages
Nigh Romance languages and some Nordic languages as well have two chief pronunciations for ⟨chiliad⟩, difficult and soft. While the soft value of ⟨g⟩ varies in different Romance languages (/ʒ/ in French and Portuguese, [(d)ʒ] in Catalan, /d͡ʒ/ in Italian and Romanian, and /x/ in most dialects of Spanish), in all except Romanian and Italian, soft ⟨m⟩ has the same pronunciation as the ⟨j⟩.
In Italian and Romanaian, ⟨gh⟩ is used to correspond /ɡ/ earlier front vowels where ⟨g⟩ would otherwise stand for a soft value. In Italian and French, ⟨gn⟩ is used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/, a audio somewhat similar to the ⟨ny⟩ in English canyon. In Italian, the trigraph ⟨gli⟩, when actualization before a vowel or every bit the article and pronoun gli, represents the palatal lateral approximant /ʎ/.
Other languages typically use ⟨g⟩ to represent /ɡ/ regardless of position.
Amongst European languages, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, and Slovak are an exception as they practice not take /ɡ/ in their native words. In Dutch, ⟨g⟩ represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ instead, a sound that does not occur in mod English, just there is a dialectal variation: many Netherlandic dialects use a voiceless fricative ([ten] or [χ]) instead, and in southern dialects it may be palatal [ʝ]. Nevertheless, word-finally it is always voiceless in all dialects, including the standard Dutch of Belgium and the Netherlands. On the other manus, some dialects (like Amelands) may have a phonemic /ɡ/.
Faroese uses ⟨g⟩ to represent /dʒ/, in add-on to /ɡ/, and also uses it to indicate a glide.
In Māori, ⟨g⟩ is used in the digraph ⟨ng⟩ which represents the velar nasal /ŋ/ and is pronounced like the ⟨ng⟩ in singer.
In older Czech and Slovak orthographies, ⟨g⟩ was used to represent /j/, while /ɡ/ was written as ⟨ǧ⟩ (⟨g⟩ with caron).
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
- 𐤂 : Semitic alphabetic character Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- C c : Latin letter C, from which Thousand derives
- Γ γ : Greek alphabetic character Gamma, from which C derives in turn
- ɡ : Latin letter of the alphabet script pocket-size M
- ᶢ : Modifier letter pocket-size script yard is used for phonetic transcription[15]
- ᵷ : Turned chiliad
- Г г : Cyrillic letter of the alphabet Ge
- Ȝ ȝ : Latin letter Yogh
- Ɣ ɣ : Latin letter Gamma
- Ᵹ ᵹ : Insular g
- Ꝿ ꝿ : Turned insular g
- ɢ : Latin letter of the alphabet small capital G, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to stand for a voiced uvular end
- ʛ : Latin letter small majuscule G with hook, used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to correspond a voiced uvular implosive
- ᴳ ᵍ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[16]
- ꬶ : Used for the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[17]
- G with diacritics: Ǵ ǵ Ǥ ǥ Ĝ ĝ Ǧ ǧ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ Ɠ ɠ Ġ ġ Ḡ ḡ Ꞡ ꞡ ᶃ
- ց : Armenian alphabet Tso
Ligatures and abbreviations
- ₲ : Paraguayan guaraní
Computing codes
| Preview | M | thou | Ɡ | ɡ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL Alphabetic character G | LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character G | LATIN Upper-case letter LETTER SCRIPT G | LATIN Small LETTER SCRIPT G | ||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 71 | U+0047 | 103 | U+0067 | 42924 | U+A7AC | 609 | U+0261 |
| UTF-8 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | 234 158 172 | EA 9E AC | 201 161 | C9 A1 |
| Numeric character reference | G | G | g | g | Ɡ | Ɡ | ɡ | ɡ |
| EBCDIC family | 199 | C7 | 135 | 87 | ||||
| ASCII 1 | 71 | 47 | 103 | 67 | ||||
- one Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
See also
- Carolingian G
- Hard and soft G
- Latin letters used in mathematics § Gg
References
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English. 1976.
- ^ Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2011-09-13). The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359855.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Romana
- ^ Everson, Michael; Sigurðsson, Baldur; Málstöð, Íslensk. "Sorting the letter ÞORN". Evertype. ISO CEN/TC304. Archived from the original on 2018-09-24. Retrieved 2018-11-01 .
- ^ Hempl, George (1899). "The Origin of the Latin Letters One thousand and Z". Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association. The Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. xxx: 24–41. doi:x.2307/282560. JSTOR 282560.
- ^ Association phonétique internationale (Jan 1895). "vɔt syr l alfabɛ" [Votes sur 50'alphabet]. Le Maître Phonétique. 10 (1): 16–17. JSTOR 44707535.
- ^ Clan phonétique internationale (February–March 1900). "akt ɔfisjɛl" [Acte officiel]. Le Maître Phonétique. 15 (two/3): twenty. JSTOR 44701257.
- ^ Jones, Daniel (July–December 1948). "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl" [Décisions officielles]. Le Maître Phonétique. 26 (63) (90): 28–30. JSTOR 44705217.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1993). "Council actions on revisions of the IPA". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (i): 32–34. doi:ten.1017/S002510030000476X.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1949). The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. Department of Phonetics, University College, London. Supplement to Le Maître Phonétique 91, Jan–June 1949. JSTOR i40200179. Reprinted in Periodical of the International Phonetic Association 40 (three), Dec 2010, pp. 299–358, doi:x.1017/S0025100311000089. CS1 maint: postscript (link)
- ^ Wells, John C. (six November 2006). "Scenes from IPA history". John Wells'southward phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. nineteen. ISBN0-521-63751-ane.
- ^ Wong, Kimberly; Wadee, Frempongma; Ellenblum, Gali; McCloskey, Michael (2 April 2018). "The Devil'due south in the g-tails: Deficient letter of the alphabet-shape knowledge and sensation despite massive visual feel". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 44 (ix): 1324–1335. doi:10.1037/xhp0000532. PMID 29608074. S2CID 4571477.
- ^ Dean, Signe. "About People Don't Know What Lowercase "M" Looks Similar And We're Not Even Kidding". Scientific discipline Alert. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 7 Apr 2018.
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-xix). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2018-03-24 .
External links
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